Krichan presents
⇨Got from umesh sir
ஃAll solution of Pre board question
Group A
WAP to display the Armstrong number between n and m.
Note:
A positive integer is called an Armstrong number of order n if
abcd... = an + bn + cn + dn + ...
In case of an Armstrong number of 3 digits, the sum of cubes of each digits is equal to the number itself. For example:
1*1*1 + 5*5*5 + 3*3*3 // 153 is an Armstrong number.
// Program to display the Armstrong number between n and m.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, i, temp1, temp2, remainder, n = 0, result = 0;
printf("Enter two numbers(intervals): ");
scanf("%d %d", &m, &n);
printf("Armstrong numbers between %d an %d are: ", m, n);
for(i = m + 1; i < n; i++)
{
temp2 = i;
temp1 = i;
// number of digits calculation
while (temp1 != 0)
{
temp1 /= 10;
n++;
}
// result contains sum of nth power of its digits
while (temp2 != 0)
{
remainder = temp2 % 10;
result += pow(remainder, n);
temp2 /= 10;
}
// checks if number i is equal to the sum of nth power of its digits
if (result == i) {
printf("%d ", i);
}
// resetting the values to check Armstrong number for next iteration
n = 0;
result = 0;
}
return 0;
}
WAP to input Name, Roll and Marks of 10 students using structure and sort in alphabetical order.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct student {
char name[20];
int roll;
float mark;
} s[10], temp;
int main() {
int i, j, n;
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("\nEnter Name : ");
scanf("%s", s[i].name);
printf("\nEnter Roll Number : ");
scanf("%d", &s[i].roll);
printf("\nEnter Marks : ");
scanf("%f", &s[i].mark);
printf("\n");
}
n = 10;
for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
for (j = 0; j < n - i; j++) {
if (strcmp(s[j].name, s[j + 1].name) > 0) {
temp = s[j];
s[j] = s[j + 1];
s[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("\n%s\t%d\t%f",s[i].name,s[i].roll,s[i].mark);
}
getch();
}
Explain the difference between call by value and call by reference with example.
Function call by Value
The call by value method of passing arguments to a function copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the parameter inside the function have no effect on the argument.
By default, C programming uses call by value to pass arguments. In general, it means the code within a function cannot alter the arguments used to call the function.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void swapByValue(int, int); /* Prototype */
int main() /* Main function */
{
int n1 = 10, n2 = 20;
/* actual arguments will be as it is */
swapByValue(n1, n2);
printf("n1: %d, n2: %d\n", n1, n2);
}
void swapByValue(int a, int b)
{
int t;
t = a; a = b; b = t;
}
OUTPUT
======
n1: 10, n2: 20
Function call by reference
The call by reference method of passing arguments to a function copies the address of an argument into the formal parameter. Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual argument used in the call. It means the changes made to the parameter affect the passed argument.
To pass a value by reference, argument pointers are passed to the functions just like any other value. So accordingly you need to declare the function parameters as pointer types as in the following function swap(), which exchanges the values of the two integer variables pointed to, by their arguments.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void swapByReference(int*, int*); /* Prototype */
int main() /* Main function */
{
int n1 = 10, n2 = 20;
/* actual arguments will be altered */
swapByReference(&n1, &n2);
printf("n1: %d, n2: %d\n", n1, n2);
}
void swapByReference(int *a, int *b)
{
int t;
t = *a; *a = *b; *b = t;
}
OUTPUT
======
n1: 20, n2: 10
call by value
call by reference
In call by value, a copy of actual arguments is passed to formal arguments of the called function and any change made to the formal arguments in the called function have no effect on the values of actual arguments in the calling function.
In call by reference, the location (address) of actual arguments is passed to formal arguments of the called function. This means by accessing the addresses of actual arguments we can alter them within from the called function.
In call by value, actual arguments will remain safe, they cannot be modified accidentally.
In call by reference, alteration to actual arguments is possible within from called function; therefore, the code must handle arguments carefully else you get unexpected results.
WAP to take a sentence from the user and change the case of the alphabets.
// C program to change case from upper to lower and lower to upper
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int c = 0;
char ch, s[1000];
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(s);
while (s[c] != '\0') {
ch = s[c];
if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')
s[c] = s[c] + 32;
else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
s[c] = s[c] - 32;
c++;
}
printf("%s\n", s);
return 0;
}
What is Database? Explain the features of DBA.
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed, managed and updated.
Data is organized into rows, columns and tables, and it is indexed to make it easier to find relevant information. Data gets updated, expanded and deleted as new information is added. Databases process workloads to create and update themselves, querying the data they contain and running applications against it.
Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles.
Typically, a database manager provides users with the ability to control read/write access, specify report generation and analyze usage. Some databases offer ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability) compliance to guarantee that data is consistent and that transactions are complete.
Features of DBA:
1. Strong problem-solving skills.
DBAs put out fires on a daily basis and they must be able to solve issues as they arise quickly and effectively. A good DBA will possess the skills required to methodically identify the cause of the problem, evaluate it and design a workable solution in a timely fashion with the help of his or her team.
2. Deep understanding of backup and disaster recovery.
Data backup and recovery is a critical component for business operations and one of your DBAs most important responsibilities. The best DBAs not only know how to develop a backup and recovery protocol that meets your organization’s needs, but will also test the system on a regular basis to make sure it functions properly. In the event that backup or disaster recovery services are needed, your DBA will have the processes in place to implement recovery protocols quickly to minimize complications.
3. Positive, ambitious attitude.
Your DBA must be able to remain positive and calm, even in the face of a crisis. He or she must be ready to tackle even the most difficult situations by staying focused and doing what is necessary to get database services back online quickly. The best DBAs will also know how to prioritize their tasks in order to optimize productivity on a daily basis. In other words, your DBA needs to stay cool under pressure.
4. Thirst for knowledge.
A good DBA will realize that he/she does not already know everything there is to know about database management and will always be looking for ways to build new skills and improve the functionality of your organization’s database. When new technologies are released, your DBA should immediately educate him/herself and evaluate whether it would be a solution to adopt at your organization.
5. A desire to automate.
Automation of routine tasks frees up your DBA’s time, allowing the DBA to focus efforts on the important tasks that cannot be automated. As you compare different DBAs, look for a candidate who understands automation and is willing to use it to improve efficiency.
Additional Features
1) Database Architecture
Components, pools, events, basic flow and structure, reports, logs, traces, views, SQL concepts… In a nutshell, how to use a Database. ?
2) Logic and some Programming Skills
Basic programming skills/logic is needed. Programming best practices, techniques and logics base in, at least, 2 different paradigms.
3) Infrastructure Knowledge
Components that surround or are basic services to DB : Networks, Computer Architecture / processors , Storage , Application Server operation , etc.
4) Data Structs and Database Design/Modeling
After all, it’s what database means: understand about structure of objects, partitioning, indexes, statistics, transactions, data modeling, manipulation tools and data migration.
5) Solid SQL and PL/SQL
As a base of data, you must know where data is, how to get it, how to manipulate it efficiently and aligned with good development practices.
6) Database and SQL Performance Tuning
Database operating knowledge, their pools, optimizers, available resources, development/programming and SQL to find gaps in the code, and infrastructure knowledge to understand possible external interference in the functioning of the DB.
7) Security and Support Interacting
Knowing good patching management practices, how to apply them, techniques and strategies for patch, upgrade and migration, openness and interaction on SRs, navigation Metalink, seraching and understanding of bugs, backup/recovery (DRs) management, access and possible security gaps in infrastructure, systems, or credentials.
8) Knows the Environment / Applications
To know the main applications of the company where you are, it implementation language, some business rules, the environmental behavior, most normal events, peak hours, the operation of legacy applications, people, company practices and their major gaps is essential.
Group B
"Spiral Model is better than waterfall model". Give your view on the sentence.
The waterfall model is often also referred to as the linear and sequential model, for the flow of activities in this model are rather linear and sequential as the name suggests. In this model, the software development activities move to the next phase only after the activities in the current phase are over. However, like is the case with a waterfall, one cannot return to the previous stage. The phases of this model are:
Requirement Gathering and Analysis Phase
Design Phase
Coding Phase
System Integration Phase
Testing and Debugging Phase
Delivery Phase
Maintenance Phase
The spiral model was introduced, due to the shortcomings in the waterfall and prototype models of software engineering. It is a combination of the said two models of software development. From the name of the model, it can be derived that the activities of software development are carried out like a spiral. To explain the model further, the entire software development process is broken down into small projects. The phases of the spiral model are as follows:
Planning Phase
Risk Analysis Phase
Engineering Phase
Coding and Implementation Phase
Evaluation Phase
Difference Between Waterfall Model and Spiral Model
While in the spiral model, the customer is made aware of all the happenings in the software development, in the waterfall model the customer is not involved. This often leads to situations, where the software is not developed according to the needs of the customer. In the spiral model, the customer is involved in the software development process from the word go. This helps in ensuring that the software meets the needs of the customer.
In the waterfall model, when the development process shifts to the next stage, there is no going back. This often leads to roadblocks, especially during the coding phase. Many times it is seen that the design of the software looks feasible on paper, however, in the implementation phase it may be difficult to code for the same. However, in the spiral model, since there are different iterations, it is rather easier to change the design and make the software feasible.
In the spiral model, one can revisit the different phases of software development, as many times as one wants, during the entire development process. This also helps in back tracking, reversing or revising the process. However, the same is not possible in the waterfall model, which allows no such scope.
Often people have the waterfall model or spiral model confusion due to the fact, that the spiral model seems to be a complex model. It can be attributed to the fact that there are many iterations, which go into the model. At the same time, often there is no documentation involved in the spiral model, which makes it difficult to keep a track of the entire process. On the other hand, the waterfall model has sequential progression, along with clear documentation of the entire process. This ensures one has a better hold over the entire process.
S.No.
Waterfall
Spiral
1
In the software development life cycle, business requirements are frozen after the initial phase.
In the spiral model, requirements are not frozen by the end of the initial phase. It is kind of executed in a continuous mode.
2
In terms of project execution, there is a high level of risk and uncertainty because of the missing stringent risk management.
By design, the spiral model is modeled to handle better risk management
3
The Waterfall framework type is more of a linear sequential model.
The framework type of the spiral model
What are the layers of OSI network layers? Explain.
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. The OSI model doesn't perform any functions in the networking process. It is a conceptual framework.
In the OSI model, control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer (Layer 7) in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. The OSI model takes the task of inter-networking and divides that up into what is referred to as a vertical stack that consists of the following 7 layers.
Application (Layer 7)
OSI Model, Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer. Examples include WWW browsers, NFS, SNMP, Telnet, HTTP, FTP
Presentation (Layer 6)
This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. Examples include encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.
Session (Layer 5)
This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.Examples include NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL.
Transport (Layer 4)
OSI Model, Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer. Transport examples include SPX, TCP, UDP.
Network (Layer 3)
Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing. Network examples include AppleTalk DDP, IP, IPX.
Data Link (Layer 2)
At OSI Model, Layer 2, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. Data Link examples include PPP, FDDI, ATM, IEEE 802.5/ 802.2, IEEE 802.3/802.2, HDLC
Physical (Layer 1)
OSI Model, Layer 1 conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal — through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components. Physical examples include Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS, V.35, V.24, RJ45.
Differentiate between POP and OOP.
BASIS FOR COMPARISON
POP
OOP
Basic
Procedure/Structure oriented Programming
Object oriented Programming
Approach
Top-down.
Bottom-up.
Basis
Main focus is on "how to get the task done" i.e. on the procedure or structure of a program .
Main focus is on 'data security'. Hence, only objects are permitted to access the entities of a class.
Division
Large program is divided into units called functions.
Entire program is divided into objects.
Entity accessing mode
No access specifier observed.
Access specifier are "public", "private", "protected".
Overloading/Polymorphism
Neither it overload functions nor operators.
It overloads functions, constructors, and operators.
Inheritance
There is no provision of inheritance.
Inheritance achieved in three modes public private and protected.
Data hiding & security
There is no proper way of hiding the data, so data is insecure
Data is hidden in three modes public, private, and protected. hence data security increases.
Data sharing
Global data is shared among the functions in the program.
Data is shared among the objects through the member functions.
Friend functions/classes
No concept of friend function.
Classes or function can become a friend of another class with the keyword "friend".
Note: "friend" keyword is used only in c++
Virtual classes/ function
No concept of virtual classes .
Concept of virtual function appear during inheritance.
Example
C, VB, FORTRAN, Pascal
C++, JAVA, VB.NET, C#.NET.
What is Cyber-crime? How do you mitigate it?
Cybercrime is defined as a crime in which a computer is the object of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense (child pornography, hate crimes). Cybercriminals may use computer technology to access personal information, business trade secrets or use the internet for exploitative or malicious purposes. Criminals can also use computers for communication and document or data storage. Criminals who perform these illegal activities are often referred to as hackers.
1. Passwords
Always change your default passwords for all systems to something new that cannot be easily guessed and make sure you use unique passwords for each of your systems.
2. Security software
Security software helps protect your business against malicious or otherwise unauthorised network traffic.
3. Staff
Tempting someone to access malicious attachments and websites is a common technique to install malicious code onto a computer and compromise a network. Educate your staff to be wary of unsolicited emails and attachments.
4. Responsibility
Many small businesses do not have a dedicated IT manager. Where this is the case, appointing a person with day-to-day responsibility for cyber security is highly recommended.
5. Software patches
Keep software patches up-to-date and use supported versions of software. This is important to guard against malware infiltrating computers. Every time you leave any program unpatched, you’re leaving the door ajar for a cyber attack.
6. Backup
Make sure you backup your critical data on a regular basis (daily, weekly or monthly) with both offline copies as well as offsite storage of at least the weekly backup data. This ensures you have access to your information in the event a cyber security incident.
7. Non-administrator accounts
Administrator level accounts are targeted by attackers because they provide potentially full access to your system. By creating non-administrator level accounts and using them for day-to-day activities, you reduce the risk of network compromise.
8. Remote access
Staff with remote access can be targeted by attackers attempting to gain access to your network. To make remote access more secure, use ‘IP whitelisting’ and strong passwords. Also secure other public-facing services such as your web server, through activities such as independent website testing for vulnerabilities.
9. Critical information
Controlling physical access to data minimizes the risk of theft, destruction or tampering. So does using encryption when this information is stored on portable devices or removable media.
10. Logs
Malicious behavior is more likely to be detected if you automatically log information relating to network activities and computer events. Best practice is to retain these logs and regularly review them for changes to normal behavior.
Cybercrime may also be referred to as computer crime.
What is AI? Explain its application.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision.
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Companies are applying machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than humans. One of the best-known technologies is IBM’s Watson. It understands natural language and can respond to questions asked of it. The system mines patient data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis, which it then presents with a confidence scoring schema. AI is a study realized to emulate human intelligence into computer technology that could assist both, the doctor and the patients in the following ways:
By providing a laboratory for the examination, representation and cataloguing medical information
By devising novel tool to support decision making and research
By integrating activities in medical, software and cognitive sciences
By offering a content rich discipline for the future scientific medical communities.
Artificial Intelligence in business: Robotic process automation is being applied to highly repetitive tasks normally performed by humans. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and CRM (Customer relationship management) platforms to uncover information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have already been incorporated into websites and e companies to provide immediate service to customers. Automation of job positions has also become a talking point among academics and IT consultancies.
AI in education: It automates grading, giving educators more time. It can also assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace.
AI in Autonomous vehicles: Just like humans, self-driving cars need to have sensors to understand the world around them and a brain to collect, processes and choose specific actions based on information gathered. Autonomous vehicles are with advanced tool to gather information, including long range radar, cameras, and LIDAR. Each of the technologies are used in different capacities and each collects different information. This information is useless, unless it is processed and some form of information is taken based on the gathered information. This is where artificial intelligence comes into play and can be compared to human brain. AI has several applications for these vehicles and among them the more immediate ones are as follows:
Directing the car to gas station or recharge station when it is running low on fuel.
Adjust the trips directions based on known traffic conditions to find the quickest route.
Incorporate speech recognition for advanced communication with passengers.
Natural language interfaces and virtual assistance technologies.
AI for robotics will allow us to address the challenges in taking care of an aging population and allow much longer independence. It will drastically reduce, may be even bring down traffic accidents and deaths, as well as enable disaster response for dangerous situations for example the nuclear meltdown at the fukushima power plant.
What is Multimedia? Explain its components.
The word 'Multimedia' is a combination of two words, 'Multi' and 'Media'. Multi means many and media means material through which something can be transmitted or send. Multimedia combined all the media elements like text and graphics to make the information more effective and attractive. Now I am going to write about its components.
Components of Multimedia
The various components of multimedia are Text, Audio, Graphics, Video and Animation. All these components work together to represent information in an effective and easy manner.
1)Text: Text is the most common medium of representing the information. In multimedia, text is mostly use for titles, headlines, menu etc. The most commonly used software for viewing text files are Microsoft Word, Notepad, Word pad etc. Mostly the text files are formatted with, DOC, TXT etc extension.
2)Audio: In multimedia audio means related with recording, playing etc. Audio is an important components of multimedia because this component increase the understandability and improves the clarity of the concept. audio includes speech, music etc. The commonly used software for playing audio files are:
i) Quick Time
ii) Real player
iii) Windows Media Player
3)Graphics: Every multimedia presentation is based on graphics. The used of graphics in multimedia makes the concept more effective and presentable. The commonly used software for viewing graphics are windows Picture, Internet Explorer etc. The commonly used graphics editing software is Adobe Photoshop through which graphics can be edited easily and can be make effective and attractive.
4)Video: Video means moving pictures with sound. It is the best way to communicate with each other. In multimedia it is used to makes the information more presentable and it saves a large amount of time. The commonly used software for viewing videos are:
i) Quick Time
ii) Window Media Player
iii) Real Player
5)Animation: In computer animation is used to make changes to the images so that the sequence of the images appears to be moving pictures. An animated sequence shows a number of frames per second to produce an effect of motion in the user's eye. Some of the commonly used software for viewing animation are:
i) Internet Explorer
ii) Windows Pictures
iii) Fax Viewer
Explain the Optical Fiber in brief.
Fiber optics, or optical fiber, refers to the medium and the technology associated with the transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or plastic strand or fiber. A fiber optic cable can contain a varying number of these glass fibers -- from a few up to a couple hundred. Surrounding the glass fiber core is another glass layer called cladding. A layer known as a buffer tube protects the cladding, and a jacket layer acts as the final protective layer for the individual strand.
All optical fibers consist of a core having the refractive index higher than of surrounding cladding. They can be made of just glass or polymer, or combination of both. They also have protective polymer layers called buffer or jacket.
How fiber optics works
Fiber optics transmit data in the form of light particles -- or photons -- that pulse through a fiber optic cable. The glass fiber core and the cladding each have a different refractive index that bends incoming light at a certain angle. When light signals are sent through the fiber optic cable, they reflect off the core and cladding in a series of zig-zag bounces, adhering to a process called total internal reflection. The light signals do not travel at the speed of light because of the denser glass layers, instead traveling about 30% slower than the speed of light. To renew, or boost, the signal throughout its journey, fiber optics transmission sometimes requires repeaters at distant intervals to regenerate the optical signal by converting it to an electrical signal, processing that electrical signal and retransmitting the optical signal.
Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication
Economical and cost effective
Thin and non-flammable
Less power consumption
Less signal degradation
Flexible and lightweight
Write short note on:
Contemporary Technology
e-Commerce and e-business
E-commerce refers to online transactions, buying and selling of goods and/or services over the internet.
E-business covers online transactions, but also extends to all internets based interactions with business partners, suppliers and customers.
E-learning
E-learning is a new concept of delivering digital contents in learner oriented environment using information and communication te4chnology (ICT). Delivery of the digital content is the main characteristic of e-learning.
E-governance
E-governance is the application of electronic means to improve the interaction between government and citizens; and to increase the administrative effectiveness and efficiency in the internal government operations.
Virtual reality
Virtual reality is a new computational paradigm that redefines the interface between human and computer becomes a significant and universal technology and subsequently penetrates applications for education and learning.
E-medicine
E-medicine refers to an approach that provides medical services whenever and wherever required using information and communication technology.
Impact of Robotics in human life
ER Diagram
Entity Relationship Diagram, also known as ERD, ER Diagram or ER model, is a type of structural diagram for use in database design. An ERD contains different symbols and connectors that visualize two important information: The major entities within the system scope, and the inter-relationships among these entities.
An ER diagram is a means of visualizing how the information a system produces is related. There are five main components of an ERD:
Entities, which are represented by rectangles. An entity is an object or concept about which you want to store information. A weak entity is an entity that must defined by a foreign key relationship with another entity as it cannot be uniquely identified by its own attributes alone.
Actions, which are represented by diamond shapes, show how two entities share information in the database. In some cases, entities can be self-linked. For example, employees can supervise other employees.
Attributes, which are represented by ovals. A key attribute is the unique, distinguishing characteristic of the entity. For example, an employee's social security number might be the employee's key attribute.
A multivalued attribute can have more than one value. For example, an employee entity can have multiple skill values. A derived attribute is based on another attribute. For example, an employee's monthly salary is based on the employee's annual salary.
Connecting lines, solid lines that connect attributes to show the relationships of entities in the diagram.
Cardinality specifies how many instances of an entity relate to one instance of another entity. Ordinality is also closely linked to cardinality. While cardinality specifies the occurrences of a relationship, ordinality describes the relationship as either mandatory or optional. In other words, cardinality specifies the maximum number of relationships and ordinality specifies the absolute minimum number of relationships.
⇨Got from umesh sir
ஃAll solution of Pre board question
Group A
WAP to display the Armstrong number between n and m.
Note:
A positive integer is called an Armstrong number of order n if
abcd... = an + bn + cn + dn + ...
In case of an Armstrong number of 3 digits, the sum of cubes of each digits is equal to the number itself. For example:
1*1*1 + 5*5*5 + 3*3*3 // 153 is an Armstrong number.
// Program to display the Armstrong number between n and m.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, i, temp1, temp2, remainder, n = 0, result = 0;
printf("Enter two numbers(intervals): ");
scanf("%d %d", &m, &n);
printf("Armstrong numbers between %d an %d are: ", m, n);
for(i = m + 1; i < n; i++)
{
temp2 = i;
temp1 = i;
// number of digits calculation
while (temp1 != 0)
{
temp1 /= 10;
n++;
}
// result contains sum of nth power of its digits
while (temp2 != 0)
{
remainder = temp2 % 10;
result += pow(remainder, n);
temp2 /= 10;
}
// checks if number i is equal to the sum of nth power of its digits
if (result == i) {
printf("%d ", i);
}
// resetting the values to check Armstrong number for next iteration
n = 0;
result = 0;
}
return 0;
}
WAP to input Name, Roll and Marks of 10 students using structure and sort in alphabetical order.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct student {
char name[20];
int roll;
float mark;
} s[10], temp;
int main() {
int i, j, n;
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("\nEnter Name : ");
scanf("%s", s[i].name);
printf("\nEnter Roll Number : ");
scanf("%d", &s[i].roll);
printf("\nEnter Marks : ");
scanf("%f", &s[i].mark);
printf("\n");
}
n = 10;
for (i = 1; i < n; i++)
for (j = 0; j < n - i; j++) {
if (strcmp(s[j].name, s[j + 1].name) > 0) {
temp = s[j];
s[j] = s[j + 1];
s[j + 1] = temp;
}
}
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("\n%s\t%d\t%f",s[i].name,s[i].roll,s[i].mark);
}
getch();
}
Explain the difference between call by value and call by reference with example.
Function call by Value
The call by value method of passing arguments to a function copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the parameter inside the function have no effect on the argument.
By default, C programming uses call by value to pass arguments. In general, it means the code within a function cannot alter the arguments used to call the function.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void swapByValue(int, int); /* Prototype */
int main() /* Main function */
{
int n1 = 10, n2 = 20;
/* actual arguments will be as it is */
swapByValue(n1, n2);
printf("n1: %d, n2: %d\n", n1, n2);
}
void swapByValue(int a, int b)
{
int t;
t = a; a = b; b = t;
}
OUTPUT
======
n1: 10, n2: 20
Function call by reference
The call by reference method of passing arguments to a function copies the address of an argument into the formal parameter. Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual argument used in the call. It means the changes made to the parameter affect the passed argument.
To pass a value by reference, argument pointers are passed to the functions just like any other value. So accordingly you need to declare the function parameters as pointer types as in the following function swap(), which exchanges the values of the two integer variables pointed to, by their arguments.
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
void swapByReference(int*, int*); /* Prototype */
int main() /* Main function */
{
int n1 = 10, n2 = 20;
/* actual arguments will be altered */
swapByReference(&n1, &n2);
printf("n1: %d, n2: %d\n", n1, n2);
}
void swapByReference(int *a, int *b)
{
int t;
t = *a; *a = *b; *b = t;
}
OUTPUT
======
n1: 20, n2: 10
call by value
call by reference
In call by value, a copy of actual arguments is passed to formal arguments of the called function and any change made to the formal arguments in the called function have no effect on the values of actual arguments in the calling function.
In call by reference, the location (address) of actual arguments is passed to formal arguments of the called function. This means by accessing the addresses of actual arguments we can alter them within from the called function.
In call by value, actual arguments will remain safe, they cannot be modified accidentally.
In call by reference, alteration to actual arguments is possible within from called function; therefore, the code must handle arguments carefully else you get unexpected results.
WAP to take a sentence from the user and change the case of the alphabets.
// C program to change case from upper to lower and lower to upper
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int c = 0;
char ch, s[1000];
printf("Input a string\n");
gets(s);
while (s[c] != '\0') {
ch = s[c];
if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')
s[c] = s[c] + 32;
else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
s[c] = s[c] - 32;
c++;
}
printf("%s\n", s);
return 0;
}
What is Database? Explain the features of DBA.
A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed, managed and updated.
Data is organized into rows, columns and tables, and it is indexed to make it easier to find relevant information. Data gets updated, expanded and deleted as new information is added. Databases process workloads to create and update themselves, querying the data they contain and running applications against it.
Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, such as sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles.
Typically, a database manager provides users with the ability to control read/write access, specify report generation and analyze usage. Some databases offer ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability) compliance to guarantee that data is consistent and that transactions are complete.
Features of DBA:
1. Strong problem-solving skills.
DBAs put out fires on a daily basis and they must be able to solve issues as they arise quickly and effectively. A good DBA will possess the skills required to methodically identify the cause of the problem, evaluate it and design a workable solution in a timely fashion with the help of his or her team.
2. Deep understanding of backup and disaster recovery.
Data backup and recovery is a critical component for business operations and one of your DBAs most important responsibilities. The best DBAs not only know how to develop a backup and recovery protocol that meets your organization’s needs, but will also test the system on a regular basis to make sure it functions properly. In the event that backup or disaster recovery services are needed, your DBA will have the processes in place to implement recovery protocols quickly to minimize complications.
3. Positive, ambitious attitude.
Your DBA must be able to remain positive and calm, even in the face of a crisis. He or she must be ready to tackle even the most difficult situations by staying focused and doing what is necessary to get database services back online quickly. The best DBAs will also know how to prioritize their tasks in order to optimize productivity on a daily basis. In other words, your DBA needs to stay cool under pressure.
4. Thirst for knowledge.
A good DBA will realize that he/she does not already know everything there is to know about database management and will always be looking for ways to build new skills and improve the functionality of your organization’s database. When new technologies are released, your DBA should immediately educate him/herself and evaluate whether it would be a solution to adopt at your organization.
5. A desire to automate.
Automation of routine tasks frees up your DBA’s time, allowing the DBA to focus efforts on the important tasks that cannot be automated. As you compare different DBAs, look for a candidate who understands automation and is willing to use it to improve efficiency.
Additional Features
1) Database Architecture
Components, pools, events, basic flow and structure, reports, logs, traces, views, SQL concepts… In a nutshell, how to use a Database. ?
2) Logic and some Programming Skills
Basic programming skills/logic is needed. Programming best practices, techniques and logics base in, at least, 2 different paradigms.
3) Infrastructure Knowledge
Components that surround or are basic services to DB : Networks, Computer Architecture / processors , Storage , Application Server operation , etc.
4) Data Structs and Database Design/Modeling
After all, it’s what database means: understand about structure of objects, partitioning, indexes, statistics, transactions, data modeling, manipulation tools and data migration.
5) Solid SQL and PL/SQL
As a base of data, you must know where data is, how to get it, how to manipulate it efficiently and aligned with good development practices.
6) Database and SQL Performance Tuning
Database operating knowledge, their pools, optimizers, available resources, development/programming and SQL to find gaps in the code, and infrastructure knowledge to understand possible external interference in the functioning of the DB.
7) Security and Support Interacting
Knowing good patching management practices, how to apply them, techniques and strategies for patch, upgrade and migration, openness and interaction on SRs, navigation Metalink, seraching and understanding of bugs, backup/recovery (DRs) management, access and possible security gaps in infrastructure, systems, or credentials.
8) Knows the Environment / Applications
To know the main applications of the company where you are, it implementation language, some business rules, the environmental behavior, most normal events, peak hours, the operation of legacy applications, people, company practices and their major gaps is essential.
Group B
"Spiral Model is better than waterfall model". Give your view on the sentence.
The waterfall model is often also referred to as the linear and sequential model, for the flow of activities in this model are rather linear and sequential as the name suggests. In this model, the software development activities move to the next phase only after the activities in the current phase are over. However, like is the case with a waterfall, one cannot return to the previous stage. The phases of this model are:
Requirement Gathering and Analysis Phase
Design Phase
Coding Phase
System Integration Phase
Testing and Debugging Phase
Delivery Phase
Maintenance Phase
The spiral model was introduced, due to the shortcomings in the waterfall and prototype models of software engineering. It is a combination of the said two models of software development. From the name of the model, it can be derived that the activities of software development are carried out like a spiral. To explain the model further, the entire software development process is broken down into small projects. The phases of the spiral model are as follows:
Planning Phase
Risk Analysis Phase
Engineering Phase
Coding and Implementation Phase
Evaluation Phase
Difference Between Waterfall Model and Spiral Model
While in the spiral model, the customer is made aware of all the happenings in the software development, in the waterfall model the customer is not involved. This often leads to situations, where the software is not developed according to the needs of the customer. In the spiral model, the customer is involved in the software development process from the word go. This helps in ensuring that the software meets the needs of the customer.
In the waterfall model, when the development process shifts to the next stage, there is no going back. This often leads to roadblocks, especially during the coding phase. Many times it is seen that the design of the software looks feasible on paper, however, in the implementation phase it may be difficult to code for the same. However, in the spiral model, since there are different iterations, it is rather easier to change the design and make the software feasible.
In the spiral model, one can revisit the different phases of software development, as many times as one wants, during the entire development process. This also helps in back tracking, reversing or revising the process. However, the same is not possible in the waterfall model, which allows no such scope.
Often people have the waterfall model or spiral model confusion due to the fact, that the spiral model seems to be a complex model. It can be attributed to the fact that there are many iterations, which go into the model. At the same time, often there is no documentation involved in the spiral model, which makes it difficult to keep a track of the entire process. On the other hand, the waterfall model has sequential progression, along with clear documentation of the entire process. This ensures one has a better hold over the entire process.
S.No.
Waterfall
Spiral
1
In the software development life cycle, business requirements are frozen after the initial phase.
In the spiral model, requirements are not frozen by the end of the initial phase. It is kind of executed in a continuous mode.
2
In terms of project execution, there is a high level of risk and uncertainty because of the missing stringent risk management.
By design, the spiral model is modeled to handle better risk management
3
The Waterfall framework type is more of a linear sequential model.
The framework type of the spiral model
What are the layers of OSI network layers? Explain.
The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. The OSI model doesn't perform any functions in the networking process. It is a conceptual framework.
In the OSI model, control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer (Layer 7) in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. The OSI model takes the task of inter-networking and divides that up into what is referred to as a vertical stack that consists of the following 7 layers.
Application (Layer 7)
OSI Model, Layer 7, supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer. Examples include WWW browsers, NFS, SNMP, Telnet, HTTP, FTP
Presentation (Layer 6)
This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. Examples include encryption, ASCII, EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, JPEG, MPEG, MIDI.
Session (Layer 5)
This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.Examples include NFS, NetBios names, RPC, SQL.
Transport (Layer 4)
OSI Model, Layer 4, provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer. Transport examples include SPX, TCP, UDP.
Network (Layer 3)
Layer 3 provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing. Network examples include AppleTalk DDP, IP, IPX.
Data Link (Layer 2)
At OSI Model, Layer 2, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. Data Link examples include PPP, FDDI, ATM, IEEE 802.5/ 802.2, IEEE 802.3/802.2, HDLC
Physical (Layer 1)
OSI Model, Layer 1 conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal — through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components. Physical examples include Ethernet, FDDI, B8ZS, V.35, V.24, RJ45.
Differentiate between POP and OOP.
BASIS FOR COMPARISON
POP
OOP
Basic
Procedure/Structure oriented Programming
Object oriented Programming
Approach
Top-down.
Bottom-up.
Basis
Main focus is on "how to get the task done" i.e. on the procedure or structure of a program .
Main focus is on 'data security'. Hence, only objects are permitted to access the entities of a class.
Division
Large program is divided into units called functions.
Entire program is divided into objects.
Entity accessing mode
No access specifier observed.
Access specifier are "public", "private", "protected".
Overloading/Polymorphism
Neither it overload functions nor operators.
It overloads functions, constructors, and operators.
Inheritance
There is no provision of inheritance.
Inheritance achieved in three modes public private and protected.
Data hiding & security
There is no proper way of hiding the data, so data is insecure
Data is hidden in three modes public, private, and protected. hence data security increases.
Data sharing
Global data is shared among the functions in the program.
Data is shared among the objects through the member functions.
Friend functions/classes
No concept of friend function.
Classes or function can become a friend of another class with the keyword "friend".
Note: "friend" keyword is used only in c++
Virtual classes/ function
No concept of virtual classes .
Concept of virtual function appear during inheritance.
Example
C, VB, FORTRAN, Pascal
C++, JAVA, VB.NET, C#.NET.
What is Cyber-crime? How do you mitigate it?
Cybercrime is defined as a crime in which a computer is the object of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense (child pornography, hate crimes). Cybercriminals may use computer technology to access personal information, business trade secrets or use the internet for exploitative or malicious purposes. Criminals can also use computers for communication and document or data storage. Criminals who perform these illegal activities are often referred to as hackers.
1. Passwords
Always change your default passwords for all systems to something new that cannot be easily guessed and make sure you use unique passwords for each of your systems.
2. Security software
Security software helps protect your business against malicious or otherwise unauthorised network traffic.
3. Staff
Tempting someone to access malicious attachments and websites is a common technique to install malicious code onto a computer and compromise a network. Educate your staff to be wary of unsolicited emails and attachments.
4. Responsibility
Many small businesses do not have a dedicated IT manager. Where this is the case, appointing a person with day-to-day responsibility for cyber security is highly recommended.
5. Software patches
Keep software patches up-to-date and use supported versions of software. This is important to guard against malware infiltrating computers. Every time you leave any program unpatched, you’re leaving the door ajar for a cyber attack.
6. Backup
Make sure you backup your critical data on a regular basis (daily, weekly or monthly) with both offline copies as well as offsite storage of at least the weekly backup data. This ensures you have access to your information in the event a cyber security incident.
7. Non-administrator accounts
Administrator level accounts are targeted by attackers because they provide potentially full access to your system. By creating non-administrator level accounts and using them for day-to-day activities, you reduce the risk of network compromise.
8. Remote access
Staff with remote access can be targeted by attackers attempting to gain access to your network. To make remote access more secure, use ‘IP whitelisting’ and strong passwords. Also secure other public-facing services such as your web server, through activities such as independent website testing for vulnerabilities.
9. Critical information
Controlling physical access to data minimizes the risk of theft, destruction or tampering. So does using encryption when this information is stored on portable devices or removable media.
10. Logs
Malicious behavior is more likely to be detected if you automatically log information relating to network activities and computer events. Best practice is to retain these logs and regularly review them for changes to normal behavior.
Cybercrime may also be referred to as computer crime.
What is AI? Explain its application.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision.
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Companies are applying machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than humans. One of the best-known technologies is IBM’s Watson. It understands natural language and can respond to questions asked of it. The system mines patient data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis, which it then presents with a confidence scoring schema. AI is a study realized to emulate human intelligence into computer technology that could assist both, the doctor and the patients in the following ways:
By providing a laboratory for the examination, representation and cataloguing medical information
By devising novel tool to support decision making and research
By integrating activities in medical, software and cognitive sciences
By offering a content rich discipline for the future scientific medical communities.
Artificial Intelligence in business: Robotic process automation is being applied to highly repetitive tasks normally performed by humans. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and CRM (Customer relationship management) platforms to uncover information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have already been incorporated into websites and e companies to provide immediate service to customers. Automation of job positions has also become a talking point among academics and IT consultancies.
AI in education: It automates grading, giving educators more time. It can also assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace.
AI in Autonomous vehicles: Just like humans, self-driving cars need to have sensors to understand the world around them and a brain to collect, processes and choose specific actions based on information gathered. Autonomous vehicles are with advanced tool to gather information, including long range radar, cameras, and LIDAR. Each of the technologies are used in different capacities and each collects different information. This information is useless, unless it is processed and some form of information is taken based on the gathered information. This is where artificial intelligence comes into play and can be compared to human brain. AI has several applications for these vehicles and among them the more immediate ones are as follows:
Directing the car to gas station or recharge station when it is running low on fuel.
Adjust the trips directions based on known traffic conditions to find the quickest route.
Incorporate speech recognition for advanced communication with passengers.
Natural language interfaces and virtual assistance technologies.
AI for robotics will allow us to address the challenges in taking care of an aging population and allow much longer independence. It will drastically reduce, may be even bring down traffic accidents and deaths, as well as enable disaster response for dangerous situations for example the nuclear meltdown at the fukushima power plant.
What is Multimedia? Explain its components.
The word 'Multimedia' is a combination of two words, 'Multi' and 'Media'. Multi means many and media means material through which something can be transmitted or send. Multimedia combined all the media elements like text and graphics to make the information more effective and attractive. Now I am going to write about its components.
Components of Multimedia
The various components of multimedia are Text, Audio, Graphics, Video and Animation. All these components work together to represent information in an effective and easy manner.
1)Text: Text is the most common medium of representing the information. In multimedia, text is mostly use for titles, headlines, menu etc. The most commonly used software for viewing text files are Microsoft Word, Notepad, Word pad etc. Mostly the text files are formatted with, DOC, TXT etc extension.
2)Audio: In multimedia audio means related with recording, playing etc. Audio is an important components of multimedia because this component increase the understandability and improves the clarity of the concept. audio includes speech, music etc. The commonly used software for playing audio files are:
i) Quick Time
ii) Real player
iii) Windows Media Player
3)Graphics: Every multimedia presentation is based on graphics. The used of graphics in multimedia makes the concept more effective and presentable. The commonly used software for viewing graphics are windows Picture, Internet Explorer etc. The commonly used graphics editing software is Adobe Photoshop through which graphics can be edited easily and can be make effective and attractive.
4)Video: Video means moving pictures with sound. It is the best way to communicate with each other. In multimedia it is used to makes the information more presentable and it saves a large amount of time. The commonly used software for viewing videos are:
i) Quick Time
ii) Window Media Player
iii) Real Player
5)Animation: In computer animation is used to make changes to the images so that the sequence of the images appears to be moving pictures. An animated sequence shows a number of frames per second to produce an effect of motion in the user's eye. Some of the commonly used software for viewing animation are:
i) Internet Explorer
ii) Windows Pictures
iii) Fax Viewer
Explain the Optical Fiber in brief.
Fiber optics, or optical fiber, refers to the medium and the technology associated with the transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or plastic strand or fiber. A fiber optic cable can contain a varying number of these glass fibers -- from a few up to a couple hundred. Surrounding the glass fiber core is another glass layer called cladding. A layer known as a buffer tube protects the cladding, and a jacket layer acts as the final protective layer for the individual strand.
All optical fibers consist of a core having the refractive index higher than of surrounding cladding. They can be made of just glass or polymer, or combination of both. They also have protective polymer layers called buffer or jacket.
How fiber optics works
Fiber optics transmit data in the form of light particles -- or photons -- that pulse through a fiber optic cable. The glass fiber core and the cladding each have a different refractive index that bends incoming light at a certain angle. When light signals are sent through the fiber optic cable, they reflect off the core and cladding in a series of zig-zag bounces, adhering to a process called total internal reflection. The light signals do not travel at the speed of light because of the denser glass layers, instead traveling about 30% slower than the speed of light. To renew, or boost, the signal throughout its journey, fiber optics transmission sometimes requires repeaters at distant intervals to regenerate the optical signal by converting it to an electrical signal, processing that electrical signal and retransmitting the optical signal.
Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication
Economical and cost effective
Thin and non-flammable
Less power consumption
Less signal degradation
Flexible and lightweight
Write short note on:
Contemporary Technology
e-Commerce and e-business
E-commerce refers to online transactions, buying and selling of goods and/or services over the internet.
E-business covers online transactions, but also extends to all internets based interactions with business partners, suppliers and customers.
E-learning
E-learning is a new concept of delivering digital contents in learner oriented environment using information and communication te4chnology (ICT). Delivery of the digital content is the main characteristic of e-learning.
E-governance
E-governance is the application of electronic means to improve the interaction between government and citizens; and to increase the administrative effectiveness and efficiency in the internal government operations.
Virtual reality
Virtual reality is a new computational paradigm that redefines the interface between human and computer becomes a significant and universal technology and subsequently penetrates applications for education and learning.
E-medicine
E-medicine refers to an approach that provides medical services whenever and wherever required using information and communication technology.
Impact of Robotics in human life
ER Diagram
Entity Relationship Diagram, also known as ERD, ER Diagram or ER model, is a type of structural diagram for use in database design. An ERD contains different symbols and connectors that visualize two important information: The major entities within the system scope, and the inter-relationships among these entities.
An ER diagram is a means of visualizing how the information a system produces is related. There are five main components of an ERD:
Entities, which are represented by rectangles. An entity is an object or concept about which you want to store information. A weak entity is an entity that must defined by a foreign key relationship with another entity as it cannot be uniquely identified by its own attributes alone.
Actions, which are represented by diamond shapes, show how two entities share information in the database. In some cases, entities can be self-linked. For example, employees can supervise other employees.
Attributes, which are represented by ovals. A key attribute is the unique, distinguishing characteristic of the entity. For example, an employee's social security number might be the employee's key attribute.
A multivalued attribute can have more than one value. For example, an employee entity can have multiple skill values. A derived attribute is based on another attribute. For example, an employee's monthly salary is based on the employee's annual salary.
Connecting lines, solid lines that connect attributes to show the relationships of entities in the diagram.
Cardinality specifies how many instances of an entity relate to one instance of another entity. Ordinality is also closely linked to cardinality. While cardinality specifies the occurrences of a relationship, ordinality describes the relationship as either mandatory or optional. In other words, cardinality specifies the maximum number of relationships and ordinality specifies the absolute minimum number of relationships.
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